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A PCB layer is each thin sheet of conductive copper incorporated into the circuit board. While the simplest PCBs have just two layers (top and bottom layers), additional layers can be inserted in between as needed.
A single-layer PCB contains just one layer of conductive copper traces on a non-conductive insulating substrate. Components mounted on one side, their leads soldered to the exposed traces. The other side may feature graphical silkscreen markings for identification.
While limited in routing capacity, single-layer PCBs adequately support simple, low-density circuits. Manufacturing only requires a single etching process and drill operation, keeping fabrication straightforward and economical.
The innate simplicity of a single-layer board imparts some natural benefits:
As electronic devices become more complex, the demands on PCBs increase accordingly. This has led to the proliferation of multilayer PCBs, which offer enhanced capacity and routing flexibility compared to simple single or double-layer boards.
The foremost advantage of multilayer PCBs is their ability to integrate complex, dense circuitry within a compact footprint. Each layer provides additional surface area for tracing conductors and placing components.
However, multilayer PCBs carry higher costs compared to simpler versions. The lamination process demands additional materials, equipment, and expertise, translating to higher fabrication expenses.
The two-layer or double-sided PCB offers the most affordable option, sandwiching a single insulating core between thin copper layers on either side. Components mount on both exterior surfaces, enabling moderate density.
Two additional inner copper planes flank a thicker insulating core in four-layer PCBs, typically serving as power distribution and ground reference layers. Segregating power and ground enhances signal integrity and reduces noise.
In six-layer PCBs, two additional inner layers augment the four-layer stack up. Typically configured as a signal-power-ground-signal-power-signal arrangement, this stack balances traces and shielding.
For even greater demands, eight-layer PCBs incorporate two more signal layers. The stackup often utilizes multiple ground plane layers to enhance shielding and isolation between signals.
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